Forum Flora Germanica

Immergrün hat geschrieben: Do Nov 21, 2024 9:13 am Nun frage ich mich ob diese Hybride überhaupt interessant für entsprechende Falter zur Eiablage ist ?

Lepidoptera mainly depend on plants to complete their development. The choices of gravid females for a suitable oviposition site will severely affect their offspring performances, thus impacting the whole population's survival (García-Barros and Fartmann, 2009). The allocation of eggs on specific larval host plants (LHPs) could be determined by a dynamic hierarchy of biotic and abiotic factors (Carrasco et al., 2015). Not only the plant species and its quality, but also the microclimatic conditions in the surroundings, the intra- or interspecific brood competition, and the occurrence of symbionts or predators might regulate egg-laying behavior in Lepidoptera (Renwick and Chew, 1994; Ghidotti et al., 2018).
Females searching for an ideal LHP have to combine multifarious sensory information mainly made of chemical, visual, or tactile stimuli (Brévault and Quilici, 2010). Strategies and signals involved are extremely variable and can be summarized as follows: (i) blends of plant volatiles and (ii) visual cues enhance the flight towards the oviposition site and reveal where to land, (iii) substrate compounds are assessed using legs, ovipositor, or proboscis and function as proxies for quality and suitability of the plant site (Reisenman et al., 2010).
Although plants benefit from attracting pollinators, the majority of butterflies and moths should be considered foes as their larvae can be voracious herbivores. Thus, there is a trade-off between resources employed by plants to attract insects for their reproduction and those used to repel enemies. Wounds, bites, or the simple glueing of eggs are signs of current or future herbivore threat and can trigger striking chemical, physiological, and systemic reactions in plants (revised by Hilker and Fatouros, 2015; Schuman and Baldwin, 2016). If constitutive plant compounds usually act as attractants, blends of chemicals released as deterrents to eggs or herbivores may signal a resource already occupied. According to the lepidopteran species, the presence of conspecifics or heterospecifics could enhance (e.g., Anderson and Alborn, 1999) or deter (Sato et al., 1999; De Moraes et al., 2001) oviposition behavior.
Whatever the outcome (i.e., attraction or deterrence), the presence of prior egg deposition is detected by females not exclusively through sight or the perception of oviposition deterring pheromones, such as those released by Pieris spp. (Schoonhoven et al., 1990) or Anthocharis cardamines (Dempster, 1992), but also by discriminating oviposition-induced plant volatiles (OIPVs; see further section). For instance, by perceiving OIVPs released by Brassica nigra, Pieris brassicae selects egg-free plants as oviposition sites (Fatouros et al., 2012).
Beyond the ability of adult Lepidoptera to perceive and process plant cues, thus modifying their oviposition behavior, there is a deep gap in the knowledge of possible egg counteradaptations used to overcome the bulk of oviposition-induced plant defenses. More information is available on the diversity of plant responses elicited by egg-laying (Figure 1), which are reviewed hereafter by narrowing the discussion to the most recent literature.